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Landmark, Hidden, Secret

A framework for categorising information in a story world by how accessible it is to the audience and characters.

References


"There is a cost to learning the information. There’s another phrase from game design that I like in terms of thrillers, which is information puts players in danger and danger rewards characters with information, right? That’s kind of the loop with like thriller game design."

— Stu Willis  |  DZ-126: Secrets and Clues

Start here

DZ-126: Secrets and Clues

How can Secrets and Clues motivate characters?
AIThe episode’s central framework examines how secrets (information characters know exists but must unlock) and hidden clues (invisible until characters pay a cost) motivate character action across WAKE UP DEAD MAN and other narratives.
⏱ 1h 28m
Structure · Character · Scenes | 30 APR 2026
Listen if you want to understand how hidden information drives character motivation and plot structure!
More Info
“Getting information puts your character in danger. And danger rewards your character with information." — One of three ideas we steal from game design in this episode. In this two part series, we talk about how secrets, clues and hidden information motivate characters and may (or may not) help you plot from a character perspective. Part One (this episode) looks at WAKE UP DEAD MAN; while Part Two looks at SIDE EFFECTS, and the pilot episode of SHRINKING…



KEY IDEAS

Narrative POV Over Character POV

"After now looking at four genres across three shows, my key learning is that writers will use narrative point of view, i.e. the audience's relationship to secrets and clues, way more than they use the characters' relationships to those same secrets and clues."

— Chas Fisher (00:04:29) · DZ-127: Secrets and Clues 2 - The Cost of Revelation

The Power of Honest Acknowledgement

"There are story paradigms where all the characters are aware of all the information, and the power in that situation -- where it's the audience being behind all the characters -- is that the power comes from those moments where the audience catches up because the characters are being honest. [...] The whole show, the stakes are all mental health stakes. And it's those moments of insight and truth where everyone else around them knows what they're saying -- it's not a secret to them. But the power comes from the characters being able to acknowledge their own weaknesses or their own shortcomings or their own moments of insight, and letting their dishonesty go, letting their safety nets go, becoming vulnerable."

— Chas Fisher (01:22:08) · DZ-127: Secrets and Clues 2 - The Cost of Revelation

The Framework as a Writing Tool

"Just taking away a tool from this: how do I want people to feel? Do I want them to feel like they're in a drama, at which point maybe I'm going to focus more on my characters being pushed by external events, but I'm going to make sure that there's still tension or compulsion through the secrets and the reveals to the audience -- there's going to be a very different feel when my character is driving towards the thing that they're trying to uncover or achieve and there's cost to it and those costs are escalating. Those are two very different feelings, as against coming into a situation where everyone knows everything but I don't know anything -- as the audience member, I'm behind. Where do my moments of power and engagement come from? It's when I get caught up."

— Chas Fisher (01:35:37) · DZ-127: Secrets and Clues 2 - The Cost of Revelation

Information Danger Loop in Thrillers

"There is a cost to learning the information. There's another phrase from game design that I like in terms of thrillers, which is information puts players in danger and danger rewards characters with information, right? That's kind of the loop with like thriller game design."

— Stu Willis (00:05:40) · DZ-126: Secrets and Clues

Clues, Secrets, Hidden--Three Distinct Tools

"The way of considering your clues as you take your clue and you make it secret and you can hide it. And those are three different things. And I think being able to visualize that, like we talked about the painting and this hanging in front of the safe and then the dust that's on the painting."

— Mel Killingsworth (00:19:46) · DZ-126: Secrets and Clues

The Cost of Discovery

"When is the information revealed to the character and when does it create danger? What are the particular skills of a character that allowed them to obtain the information? And then what is the cost of learning the information?"

— Chas Fisher (00:32:44) · DZ-126: Secrets and Clues

Secrets as Plot Architecture

"If you're writing something that's *not a mystery*: how does thinking about secrets and clues from your character's perspective help you... build plot?"

— Stu Willis (00:12:23) · DZ-126: Secrets and Clues

Costs and Checks of Revealing Information

"If it's hidden, it can only be retrieved at a cost, right? If it's secret, we need some kind of skill check, right? Either way, the purpose of either of those things is to turn it into kind of a landmark to reveal the information."

— Stu Willis (00:51:41) · DZ-126: Secrets and Clues



Even More

DZ-127: Secrets and Clues 2 - The Cost of Revelation

What does it cost a character to find something out, or to say it?
AIMel, Stu, and Chas apply the Landmark-Hidden-Secret framework across Side Effects and Shrinking to show how what the audience, characters, and filmmakers each know changes the emotional impact.
⏱ 1h 51m
Structure · Character · Scenes | 27 MAY 2026
Listen to learn the emotional impact of revealing secrets vs discovering them.
More Info
In this episode Stu, Chas and Mel apply the Landmark–Hidden–Secret framework (from DZ-126) across two very different genres: the thriller SIDE EFFECTS (2013) and the tragicomic pilot of SHRINKING…



DZ-68: Using POV to structure KNIVES OUT

How can shifting narrative point of view drive your sequences?
AIChas and Stu break down how Knives Out plants and withholds secrets through POV management, ensuring clues land differently depending on what the audience has been shown to that point.
⏱ 1h 32m
Structure · Scenes · Character | 17 MAY 2020
Listen to help you master the gap between what your audience knows and what your characters know.
More Info
Born out of isolation madness, this episode is an edited version of Draft Zero’s first YouTube livestream. Stu and Chas both watched KNIVES OUT and - together with our listeners - broke down each sequence and turning point by reference to what the audience knows in relation to the characters (aka narrative point of view). They then answer listener questions on KNIVES OUT and much else besides live on air…


DZ-18: Michael Bay - F*ing the Frame and P*ing the Page

Are there screenwriting lessons to be taken from analysing the work of Michael f-ing Bay?
AIThe episode examines how Bay controls information flow to the audience through visual and narrative decisions, using car chases and action sequences as a mechanism for revealing or withholding story information.
⏱ 1h 7m
Genre · Character · Process | 22 JAN 2015
Listen to understand how one of the world's highest-grossing directors structures story, makes great villians, controls information flow, and makes visual decisions on the page
More Info
Of course there are. How could there not be? After all, Michael Bay is the 3rd highest grossing director at the worldwide box office… of all time. Behind, y’know, Spielberg and stuff. How could a man of such credentials not know story? Or, so argues this week’s guest: the author of MICHAEL F-ING BAY: THE UNHERALDED GENIUS IN MICHAEL BAY’S FILMS… [drumroll]… the Bitter Script Reader…


DZ-42: One-Shot - Character Worldview & Macro POV in SPLT

What screenwriting lessons can be we learn from SPLIT?
AISplit’s structure withholds and reveals information strategically to control audience knowledge, using foreshadowing and misdirection to set up both character and thematic payoff.
⏱ 1h 52m
Theme · Structure · Scenes | 26 APR 2017
Listen when you're writing a twist and need to earn it through point-of-view rather than surprise alone.
More Info
In our first (and perhaps last) one-shot, we take a close look at the M. Night Shyamalan’s SPLIT. Rather than having one topic with many examples, we use the one example to look at many topics. Well, okay, a few topics…


DZ-38: Excelling at Exposition (Part 2)

How can exposition twist your story in new directions?
AIGreat writers use exposition to strategically reveal or conceal secrets, with the timing and framing of that revelation determining whether it twists the story in new directions.
⏱ 1h 52m
Words · Structure · Scenes | 6 DEC 2016
Listen to learn how to use exposition as dramatic revelation rather than mere information delivery.
More Info
In the second part of Draft Zero’s two-part episode on “Exposition”, Stu & Chas take an even deeper look at this notoriously challenging part of screenwriting. For many stories there are pre-existing facts (or given circumstances) that need to be communicated to an audience, and often we rely on dialogue to do it. But exposition can do more than just communicate, it can serve as dramatic revelation that twists a story into a new direction or provides an emotional payoff - or both!. So how do great writers make exposition work for the story, rather than just tell audience stuff they need to know? And how can writers go wrong…